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| "Bound" to Cooperate Referneces |
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(23) |
Intelligence Cooperation or Dependence? Cf. Gerald Theimer, Der Fall Heinrich Dürmayer, in: Öffentliche Sicherheit H. 7/8 (1995) 18-21. |
 SURVEY CONTENT INTELLIGENCE COOPERATION OR DEPENDENCE? REFERENCES (1) - (2) REFERENCES (3) - (4) REFERENCES (5) - (22) REFERENCES (23) - (38) (23) - (32) (33) - (38) |
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(24) |
Among the rare studies focussing on the Stapo since 1945 cf. Ulrike Wetz, Geschichte der Wiener Polizei-Direktion vom Jahre 1945 bis zum Jahre 1955, mit Berücksichtigung der Zeit vor 1945, phil. Diss. Wien 1971; Alpen-Stasi: Die II. Republik im Zerrspiegel der Staatspolizei, ed. Hans G. Zeger et al. (Linz 1990) and Helene Polaczek, Zur österreichischen Staatspolizei in der II. Republik, geisteswiss. Dipl.Arb. Wien 1993. | |||||
(25) |
On Austria’s post-war position internationally cf. Günter Bischof, The Leverage of the Weak: Austria in the First Cold War, 1945-1955 (London 1999). | |||||
(26) |
For a very useful general discussion of intelligence liaison cf. the excellent chapter “Intelligence Cooperation” in: Michael Hermann, Intelligence Power in Peace and War (Cambridge 1996) 200-218. | |||||
(27) |
Though this dependency tends to be mutual nowadays, as even America, in its war on terrorism, has become aware of the importance of having friends and partners in a pervasive global intelligence network. Cf. David Ignatius, For Spying Bush Needs Friends, in: International Herald Tribune, May 25/26, 2002. This dependency of U.S. foreign intelligence was particularly strong in the 1950s, as openly acknowledged in the Frank Church Investigation Committee Report: “In the period 1952 to 1963 the Agency (i.e. the CIA) acquired most of its clandestine information through liaison arrangements with foreign governments.” In: Final Report: Supplementary Detailed Staff Report on Foreign and Military Intelligence, Book IV, 94th Congress, 2nd Session (April 1976) 49 ff. and 69ff. | |||||
(28) |
Cf. Jeffrey T. Richelson, The Calculus of Intelligence Cooperation, in: Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 4 (1990) Nr. 3, 309. | |||||
(29) |
Cf. H. Bradford Westerfield, America and the World of Intelligence Liaison, in: Intelligence and National Security 11 (1996) Nr. 3, 52f. | |||||
(30) |
Criticism, particularly from the left, has always argued that U.S.-sponsored Elint and Sigint installations in Austria do not serve Austrian intelligence purposes but only profit American and NATO interests. Cf. Hans Wolker, Geheimdienst gegen Neutralität, in: Weg und Ziel 1981/6, 249. | |||||
(31) |
Cf.Peter Klerks, An Inventory of European Intelligence Services (Amsterdam 1993) in: http://www.blythe.org/Intelligence/readme/Eurointel, 8. | |||||
(32) |
When this membership commenced has been kept secret; most likely it predates the end of the Cold War, though there is disagreement among intelligence experts. Cf. Richelson, Calculus, 318. | |||||
| Cf. Bradford, Intelligence Liaison, pp. 539-543. This factor is clearly addressed in the following definition of intelligence cooperation: “Liaison means sharing information and working with foreign intelligence and police services. It is not without risk, depending on the country. ... But it is in a different category from espionage – persuading foreigners with money, ideology, or other inducements to provide information, secretly, on their own country’s politics and institutions” in: In From the Cold. The Report of the 20th Century Fund Task Force on the Future of U.S. Intelligence (New York 1996) 13. | TOP REFERENCES (1) - (2) REFERENCES (3) - (4) REFERENCES (5) - (22) REFERENCES (23) - (38) (23) - (32) (33) - (38) |
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(34) |
William R. Johnson, Thwarting Enemies at Home and Abroad: How to be a Counterintelligence Officer (Bethesda, MD 1987) 144. | |||||
(35) |
Tim Weiner, U.S. Spied on Its World War II Allies, in: New York Times, August 11, 1993, 9. | |||||
(36) |
Significantly and already several months before 9/11 the chairman of the American National Intelligence Council (NIC), a think tank of senior analysts reporting directly to the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) had asked for nothing less than a revolution in collaboration within government(s) and with liaison abroad. Cf. John C. Gannon, The Role of Intelligence Services in a Globalized World (=paper given at Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Berlin, 21 May 2001, available at: http://www.cia.gov/nic/speeches/html) | |||||
(37) |
Cf. Robert David Steele. The New Craft of Intelligence: Personal, Public and Political (Fairfax, VA 2002) | |||||
(38) |
Cf. Towards a European Intelligence Policy, ed. Alessandro Politi (=Chaillot Paper 34, December 1998, available at: http://www.iss-eu.org/chaillot/chai34e.html); Malcolm Anderson/ Joanna Apap, Changing Conceptions of Security and their Implications for EU Justice and Home Affairs Cooperation (=CEPS Policy Brief Nr. 26, October 2002, available at: http://www.ceps.be) and Arthur Hulnick, Co-operation in the Post-Cold War Era: A New Game Plan? In: International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 5 (1991/92) 455-466. | |||||
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